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读诗的艺术(全文)

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Lucifer

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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:16 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
<p>未刊译稿,仅供黑蓝网友交流。<br/>请勿转载,请勿转载,谢谢。</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">读诗的艺术</span></b><a title="" href="http://www.heilan.com/forum/post.asp?action=edit&amp;BoardID=3&amp;replyID=128982&amp;ID=19100&amp;star=1#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></a><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><p></p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">作者</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">:<b>哈罗德·布鲁姆</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">诗本质上是比喻性的语言,集中凝练故其形式兼具表现力和启示性。比喻是对字面意义的一种偏离,而一首伟大的诗的形式自身就可以是一种修辞(“转换”)或比喻。“比喻性的语言”在字典上的一个常见的对等物是“隐喻性的语言”,但隐喻实际上是一种高度特指的比喻(或对字面意义的转换)。肯尼斯·勃克(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Kenneth Burke</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)是一位深刻的修辞学家(或研究比喻性语言的学者),他区分了四种基本的修辞:讽喻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(irony)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,提喻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(synecdoche)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,转喻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(metonymy) </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和隐喻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(metaphor)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。勃克告诉我们,讽喻被人们用来表示在场和缺席的问题,因为它们可以言此意彼,甚至于表达完全相反的意思。我们听到哈姆雷特说“我谦卑地感谢你”或类似的话的时候会不寒而栗,因为这位王子毫无谦卑和感激的意思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                        <p></p></font></span></font></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyText" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><font size="3"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">现在我们普遍把提喻称作“象征”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(“symbol”)</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,因为以部分代整体的比喻性的替代也表示了未完成的状态。在此状态中,诗中的东西代表了诗外的东西。诗人们经常会更加认同几种修辞中的某一种。在美国大诗人中,罗伯特·弗罗斯特热衷于讽喻(与他在大众里的名声相反),惠特曼则是使用提喻的大师。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                        <p></p></font></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在转喻中,邻近代替了相似,因为任何东西只要在空间上与替代物接近,它的名称或主要的方面都足以指示它。在罗伯特·勃朗宁那首非凡的独白诗中,罗兰公子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Childe Roland) </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在结尾的时候被“号角”或者喇叭所代表,他用它无畏地吹奏:“罗兰公子走向暗塔”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">隐喻严格意义上地把一个词所具有的通常的含义转移到另一个词上;正如哈特·克兰优美地写道,“有小马鬃毛的牡丹花”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">peonies with pony manes </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),用“牡丹花”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">peonies</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)和“小马”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">pony</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的谐音加强他的隐喻。或者,仍然是克兰这位最高强度的隐喻型的诗人,他把布鲁克林桥的曲线称作它的“跳跃”,然后进一步把大桥称作竖琴和祭坛。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">比喻或修辞创造意义,意义不能脱离它们而存在。在真正的诗里,当比喻性的语言恣肆奔涌地释放并带来新鲜之境,这种意义的生成会得到最大限度的实现。欧文·巴菲尔德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(Owen Barfield) </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的《诗的用语:对意义的研究》是对这一过程的最佳的研究之一,比如当他钩沉英文单词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruin</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在诗中的部分历史的时候。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">拉丁语动词</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruo</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的意思是“冲”或“倒下”,引出实体性的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruina</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">来指代坠落的东西。是能够同样自如地使用英语和法语的乔叟帮忙把“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruin</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”本土化为“倒塌”:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我造成大厦的坍塌,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">塔楼和墙壁的倒掉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Min is the ruine of the highe halles,<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The falling of the towers and of the walles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这声音来自“骑士的故事”中的萨顿或者“时间”,我们可以感到其中凛然的寒意。乔叟的传人埃德蒙·斯宾塞有这样令人难忘的句子:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">断塔的古老废墟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>The old ruines of a broken tower. <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">本书中我选的最后一首诗是哈特·克兰宏大的死亡颂诗《断塔》,其中回响着斯宾塞的诗句。巴菲尔德着重指出莎士比亚使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruin</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">时表现出的卓越,他引用了第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">73</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">首十四行诗中的“荒废的唱诗席上,甜美的鸟儿曾经歌唱”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),以及关于克里奥芭特拉对其爱人的作用的描述:“她的魔力造就的高贵废墟,安东尼。”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(The noble ruin of her magic, Antony. ) </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我本人找到一个更有力量的例子,那是瞎眼的葛罗斯特遇到发疯的李尔时的惨呼:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">啊,自然中毁掉的一脉!这伟大的世界</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也将这样损坏,化为乌有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>O ruin’d piece of nature! This great world <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Shall so wear out to nought. <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">当我们在巴菲尔德的指引下开始追溯</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruined</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”的比喻性的力量似乎就没有尽头。堪与莎士比亚的例子相比的是约翰·邓恩在《圣露西节的夜祷》中的用法,在这首诗里,爱让诗人从毁灭中复活:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">你们这些未来的爱侣,在来世里</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">也就是下一个春天里,研究我吧:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因为我是每一样死去的东西,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">爱神曾在其中炮制,新的炼金术。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因为他的技艺甚至能从虚无中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">从穷乏萧索,空虚贫弱中榨出原质</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">他把我毁灭,而我重生于缺失,黑暗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和死亡;种种无生命的东西。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                <p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Study me then, you who shall lovers be<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>At the next world, that is, at the next spring:<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>For I am every dead thing,<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>In whom love wrought new alchemy.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>For his art did express<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>A quintessence even from nothingness,<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>From dull privations, and lean emptiness<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>He ruined me, and I am re-begot<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Of absence, darkness, death; things which are not.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">巴菲尔德引出了被他准确地称之为密尔顿</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“骇人的”诗句:“地狱看到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">天堂从天堂中坠毁”,然后他索解出华兹华斯在用典上向密尔顿的回归。我不准备举出更多的例子,我要指出的是巴菲尔德的洞见——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">ruin</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的比喻性的力量,建立在对它原初的有关“运动”和“在猛冲中崩溃”的意义的回归上。事实上,英语诗歌修辞的秘密之一可以说是在字源上做文章,去更新沃尔特·佩特所说的词语的“更锋利的棱角”。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">二</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">语言在相当大的程度上是隐蔽的修辞:它们是讽喻和提喻,转喻和隐喻,只有在对它们的觉察力增加的时候,我们才会辨认出它们。真正的诗既能觉察到又能开发这些荒废掉的修辞,尽管它既是资源又是负担。对一个传统中晚出现的诗人而言,其语言历经岁月而成为比喻的财富。在英国和美国,二十世纪的大诗人们是那些最出色地开发了这种多义的丰富性的诗人:托马斯·哈代、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">W.B.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">叶芝、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">D.H.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">劳伦斯、罗伯特·弗罗斯特、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">T.S.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艾略特、华莱士·史蒂文斯和哈特·克兰位列其中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艾略特没有承认沃尔特·佩特对他的作用,但佩特仍然影响了他作为诗人和批评家的实践,正如在《普洛福洛克和其他观察》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">1917</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)中的那首杰出的《序曲》里:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 6pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一条变黑的街道的知觉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 6pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">急不可耐,想拥有世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">打动我的是环绕、纠缠在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这些形象四周的纷纷幻念:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">那是关于某个无限温柔的,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">无限地受苦的造物的想法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">The conscience of a blackened street<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Impatient to assume the world.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I am moved by fancies that are curled<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Around these images, and cling:<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">The notion of some infinitely gentle<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Infinitely suffering thing.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Assume</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”源出拉丁语的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">assumere</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”(“取得”),在英语中最早被用来表示在团体中接受一个人,比如天堂接受一位圣人。后来,这个词开始表示“认为是真的”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                        </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">;因此惠特曼告诉他的读者:“我设想的你们也应该设想”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(“And what I assume you shall assume.”) </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。这个词其他的意义包括“给自己穿戴上”(比如穿衣服或戴勋章),或者“冒充”,假装拥有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">D.H.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">劳伦斯写过:房屋“假装拥有太阳”,他也许想到了哈姆雷特对王后怨毒的建议:“假装你有一种美德,如果你没有”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">“Assume a virtue, if you have it not.”</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">艾略特的“变黑的街道”急不可耐地“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">assume the world</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”,我认为这是跟惠特曼和哈姆雷特的句子做游戏。而这个词的语源,佩特所说的“词语更锋利的棱角”被更新了:通过一个幽暗的讽喻,这条街道的“知觉”感到急不可耐,它要拥有世界甚至就像天堂接受被赐福的人。“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Conscience</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”源出拉丁语的“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">conscientia</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">意思是知觉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,它有时在莎士比亚那里保留了这个意义,比如当乔装的亨利五世说到:“我将说出我对国王的感觉:我觉得他只希望自己在这里,而不是别的地方”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">I will speak of my conscience of the King: I think he would not wish himself anywhere but where he is.</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)或者,我们还记得哈姆雷特的话(我猜艾略特也记得):“因此顾虑把我们都变成了懦夫”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Thus conscience does make cowards of us all</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),而作为道德上的知觉或罪恶感的人的“良心”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">conscience</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)是起源较晚的意义,在艾略特的诗句中也是次要的意义:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 6pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">一条变黑的街道的知觉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">急不可耐,想拥有世界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在一个强韧的,精彩的讽喻中,艾略特把知觉赋予街道,而街道在预想中误以为自己是天堂。经过反思关于他的各种形象的讽喻,诗人产生一个想法:也许上天真正会去接纳的是那些“无限温柔的,无限地受苦的造物”。在《序曲》前面的段落里,艾略特对一个醒着的灵魂说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">你怀有一个这样的街道的幻象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">而街道本身并不理解;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《序曲》是我最了解的艾略特的作品。这首诗内涵极为丰富,原因在于它恢复了意义的殊异性。《荒原》的风格就建立在这首诗的基础上,而且在一种强力的对抗关系中,哈特·克兰这位抒情天才的风格也建立在这首诗的基础上(他对抗艾略特的想象的视野但又难以抗拒艾略特的风格和榜样,尤其是这首《序曲》),城市的意象在这种风格里被提升到一种带讽喻意味的壮观之中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">三</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">诗的伟大依靠比喻性语言的神彩和认知的力量(或爱默森所说的“制造音步的论辩”。在诗人中,莎士比亚最善于表现思想。在实际操作中,表现思想与“在诗中思考”并无区别,然而,这种在诗中思考的过程还没有被完全阐明。安格斯·弗莱切(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Angus Fletcher</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的《思想的颜色》一书正是因为它“对在文学中思考的推想”(该书副题)而值得推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在莎士比亚的作品里,思想本身可以被看作是悲剧的或喜剧的,或者两者之间的任何领域。再者,莎士比亚式的超然而不带偏见(这在哈姆雷特的意识中表现地非常成功)也许会让我们听到华莱士·史蒂文斯所说的,微妙的“躲藏在头脑里的思想发出的嗡嗡声”。显然,诗性的思考与哲学的思考发生在不同的层面。可以有伊壁鸠鲁式的诗人或柏拉图式的文学,它们用概念为想象性的作品赋予品质,然而大多数的文学思考是另外的形式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">记忆对所有的思想都很重要,对诗性的思想尤其如此。弗莱切指出,诗性的记忆使“相认”(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">recognition</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)成为可能,他把“相认”看作是“为文学目的进行的思想的中心属性”。这里的“相认”最早是亚历士多德的认辨或发现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(anagnorisis) </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,即悲剧最后发展到的相认的一幕。在这种意义上,发现是相认的同义词。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">诗的力量的定义之一:它把思想和记忆十分紧密地融合在一起,以至于我们无法把这两种过程分开。在一首具有真正的力量的诗的写作过程中,作者有可能不回顾一首更早的诗吗,无论它出自他本人还是别人之手。文学的思想依赖于文学记忆,相认的戏剧在每一位作者那里都包含了与另一位作者或与自我的一个更早的版本相互和解的时刻。诗性的思考被诗与诗之间的影响融入具体语境,即使是在最有才能的诗人莎士比亚那里也是如此,他的《</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">》是对马洛的《马耳他的犹太人》的戏仿,他试图让剧中的摩尔人爱伦在作恶的程度上超过马洛笔下那位了不起的犹太人巴拉巴斯。莎士比亚的《理查三世》在更大的程度上是对马洛的“不知不觉的回忆”,准确地说,莎士比亚通过理查三世进行的思考并不像他通过爱伦进行的思考那么清晰。但在此后的两年里,莎士比亚的思考穿透了马洛的影响(这次是马洛的《爱德华二世》),以至于他大胆地在这个堪称“理查相认的一幕”中嘲弄他的先驱者:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">给我那面镜子,我要用它阅读自己。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">还没有更深的皱纹?悲伤无数次打击</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我这张脸,难道没有留下更深的伤痕?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">哦,阿谀奉承的镜子,你就像我强盛时的追随者,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">你欺骗了我。这就是那张曾把千万人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">庇护在它房檐下的脸吗?这就是那张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">曾让人无法直视的脸吗?这就是那张曾从容面对</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">那么多蠢行,最后在波林勃洛克面前失色的脸吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">脆弱的荣耀在这张脸上闪光;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">脆弱得就像这张脸,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(把镜子扔在地上)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">它在那里,碎成一片片。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">请注意,沉默的国王,这场游戏的教训——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我的悲伤这么快就毁了我这张脸。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">台下愉悦的观众中的大部分人看过马洛的《浮士德博士》(在这部剧里,梅菲斯特为浮士德招来了特洛伊的海伦),所以理查对浮士德认出海伦的那一幕作的三种变体会让他们感到很兴奋。马洛写道:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这就是那张发动了千艘战船</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">烧毁伊利昂无数高塔的脸吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在这里,当文字让马洛复生,莎士比亚式的思考战胜了影响,而这只能是在理查二世华丽的修辞色彩中呈现出来。更精妙的是,莎士比亚在《暴风雨》给我们一位反浮士德,普洛斯彼罗的名字即拉丁文的浮士德的意大利语翻译,它们都是“受宠者”的意思。在成熟期的莎士比亚那里,相认的一幕成为具有巧妙讽喻的自我相认,并展现出诗思的光辉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">四</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">
                                        <p></p></font></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">读诗的艺术的初阶是掌握具体诗篇中从简单到极复杂的用典。我们可以从很短的诗开始,比如霍斯曼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">(A.E. Housman, 1859-1936)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的抒情诗。这里是他绝妙的《一支雇佣军的墓志铭》:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">这些人,在天塌的日子,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><p
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Hermes Trismegistus

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Lucifer

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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:16 |只看该作者
<>这篇很花时间,请多批评。</P>
<>转走可以自己留着看,但不要贴,谢谢。</P>
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勒兵十

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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:16 |只看该作者
感谢,贴到自己的blog里面可以么?
改博克 http://copperhia.blog.sohu.com
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过段时间吧,我再修改修改。多提意见!
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<>已经放到电脑里。有时间仔细看。里面有很多不明白的地方,到时候向你请教。</P>

<>翻译是很累人的工作,老道士辛苦。</P>
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<>哪里不明白,就提出来讨论,多谢!</P>
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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:17 |只看该作者
<>好文章!翻译得也好。首先感谢译者!看了此篇文章,使我想到了一直在思考的问题,并给了我一个提示,便希望与您探讨一下。</P>
<>这个问题是关于“诗性的思考与哲学的思考”的问题。文中布鲁姆写到了以下两处关键性的表达,我愿意相信这是作者认为的诗歌和诗人一直不懈努力和最值得追求的东西,并且也是使“诗性的思考与哲学的思考”联系起来的提示,那就是“一切都尚待思考和歌唱”和“所以我们将成为我们注视的东西”这两句。还有作者说“最伟大的诗歌之中有一种普遍的和本质的难度:它是扩展我们的意识的真正的模式”,这是否又可以看作是隐含着一种模糊的提示,即——“一种能感觉到的意识上的变化” 的意义是使诗人“更真实地变成了更异常的自己”,那么我们似乎可以看见一种与“伟大诗歌的工作是帮助我们成为我们自己的自由艺术家”相似的东西,那就是哲学的工作难道不也正是帮助我们成为我们自己的自由的生存者吗?这二者竟然那么地相似!</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-3-18 1:10:37编辑过]
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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:17 |只看该作者
学习了
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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:18 |只看该作者
<>下载学习,好文好译。</P>
<>有个问题,你没有把“<FONT face="Times New Roman">strangeness”译成约定俗成的“陌生化”,而把它译成“</FONT><FONT face=宋体>异常性”,可能有你自己的考虑,从字面的意义来看,“异常性”也更接近些;</FONT></P>
<><FONT face=宋体>但从整体效果来看,“异常性”在汉语里表达的是一种状态和特性,“</FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman">陌生化”既有状态,也有一些动词的特性,另外由于“陌生化”自翻译引用后在批评中运用至今,其内涵和外延也大为扩展,比“</FONT><FONT face=宋体>异常性”更为汉语读者接受和理解。</FONT></P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-3-23 11:45:38编辑过]
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发表于 2007-8-4 13:33:18 |只看该作者
<>刚开始接触很多文论原文,学问不扎实,说一下我的理解.</P>
<>印象里这两个概念应该不同的吧.俄文一窍不通.什克罗夫斯基提的陌生化好象一般英文著作里都是unfamiliar,主要是在早期形式主义的逻辑里发展的概念,而背后的价值观是指向读者和接受的,但是从方法和结论上导向的更多是作者的操作过程,所以后来iser和尧斯在接受美学里也老用这个概念.就我的理解,布莱西特也是在这个价值取向上改造发展这个概念到他自己的理论体系.</P>
<>而布鲁姆的strangeness多少是在作者或者作品的横向比较之间,布鲁姆支持的是伟大作品之所以伟大所具有的一种内在性质,能被读者所感.很多形式主义者不同意除了直接可感的形式之外作品还有恒定价值.所以翻译里把"异常性"从"陌生化"里区别出来是有道理而且必要的.本身这个译法也比较贴切.</P>
<P>尧斯好象也引了不少布鲁姆,德曼给写的序里面又好象对"接受美学"这个译法不满.</P>
<P><FONT face="Times New Roman">我查牛筋字典, portmanteau word是个拉丁-法语-英语字源的词, 在字面上是大箱子 词(箱词), 不过我是联系上下文想了一会儿才明白是紧缩词或者混合词的意思, 那么如果有中文作者拿来用, 可能这个箱词就不大好明白, 这可能是个翻译的两难, 是不是加个译注.</FONT></P><br>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-3-24 0:53:04编辑过]
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