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规则见首贴
编号11-15
11. Think of the tools in a tool-box:
there is a hammer, pliers, a saw, a
screw-driver, a ruler, a glue-pot, glue,
nails and screw.---The functions of words
are as diverse as the functions of these
objects. (And in both cases there
are similarities.)
Of course, what confuses us is the
uniform appearance of words when
we hear them spoken or meet them
in script and print. For their application
is not presented to us so clearly.
Especially when we are doing philosophy!
12. It is like looking into the cabin
of a locomotive. We see handles all
looking more or less alike. (Naturally,
since they are all supposed to be
handled.) But one is the handle of a
crank which can be moved continuously
(it regulates the opening of a valve);
another is the handle of a switch,
which has only a brake-lever, the
harder one pulls on it, the harder it
brakes; a fourth, the handle of a pump:
it has an effect only so long as it is
moved to and fro.
13. When we say: "Every word in
language signifies something" we have
so far said nothing whatever; unless
we have explained exactly what
distinction we wish to make.
(It might be, of course, that we
wanted to distinguish the words
of language (8) from words \'without
meaning\' such as occur in Lewis Carroll\'s
poems, or words like "Lilliburlero" in songs.)
14. Imagine someone\'s saying:
"All tools serve to modify something.
Thus the hammer modifies the position
of the nail, the saw the shape of the
board, and so on."---And what is
modified by the rule, the glue-pot,
the nails?---"Our knowledge of thing\'s
length, the temperature of the glue,
and the solidity of the box."-----
Would anything be gained by this
assimilation of expressions?---
15. The word "to signify" is perhaps
used in the most straight-forward way
when the objects signified is marked
with the sign. Suppose that the tools
A uses in building bear certain marks.
When A shews his assistant such a
mark, he brings the tool that has that
mark on it.
It is in this and more or less similar
ways that a name means and is given
to a thing.---It will often prove useful
in philosophy to say to ourselves:
naming something is like attaching a
label to a thing. |
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